健康生活學
與高血壓共存,你要知的控制血壓生活指南!
2022/05/13
高血壓雖然是難以治癒的慢性疾病,需要長期控制和穩定病情。然而,只要遵從醫生囑咐按時服用藥物,再調整日常生活方式和習慣,也能與高血壓共存,活出健康人生!
高血壓患者的8大生活指南1-16
1.調控飲食
- 多菜低脂:高血壓患者宜多進食保護心臟的食物,例如蔬果、全穀類食物、家禽、魚類及低脂奶類食品,多吃高纖維和高鈣食物,少吃反式脂肪及飽和脂肪食物
- 攝取鉀質:多吃橙、菠菜、 香蕉等以攝取足夠鉀,這有助控制高血壓
- 低鹽(鈉)飲食:每天應限制鈉攝取量在2,300mg(約1平茶匙)或以下,成年人的理想鹽分攝取量是每天1,500mg或以下。選購食物時應留意營養標籤,特別是加工食品,因大部分這類食品在製造過程中都會添加鹽。此外,亦可以香草、醋、檸檬代替鹽來增加食物的味道
- 減少攝取酒精和咖啡因:過量的酒精會令血壓上升,而某些患者在攝取咖啡因後,血壓會輕微上升。建議患者在喝含咖啡因的飲料後量度血壓,若血壓水平較平常上升5-10mmHg,即有可能是對咖啡因敏感,因而影響血壓水平
- 「得舒飲食」方法(Dietary approach to stop hypertension;DASH):近年有醫生建議高血壓患者奉行DASH飲食,即攝取充足鉀、鎂和鈣質,多吃高膳食纖維而少脂肪、少添加糖的食物
建議可吃的食物 | 建議少吃的食物 |
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2.運動有法
高血壓患者應恆常做運動以減低血壓,紓緩壓力。建議每星期應做至少150分鐘中度帶氧運動、75分鐘劇烈帶氧運動或混合中強度運動,並進行至少2次肌肉強化訓練。
建議可進行的運動: | |
中度帶氧運動: | 快走、跳舞、做家務、與寵物散步、搬運少於20kg的物品 |
劇烈帶氧運動: | 跑步、快速上坡行走 / 爬山、快速踏單車、快速游泳、踢足球、打排球、打籃球 |
運動時的注意事項: | |
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3.控制體重
- 身體脂肪過多亦可引致高血壓。高血壓人士應維持健康體重,留意體重指標(Body mass index;BMI),當BMI高於25時應特別警惕。* BMI計算方法: 體重( kg)/ 身高2( m2)
按此參閱衞生署編製之「理想體重範圍表」 - 維持健康的腰圍,不論體重指數多少,成年亞洲男士的腰圍應保持在90厘米(約36吋)以下,女士則保持在80厘米(約32吋)以下
4.不吸煙
吸煙會損害血管,加快脂肪在動脈積聚。研究指65歲以上的男性吸煙者,因心血管疾病死亡的機率比非吸煙者多兩倍。故不吸煙(包括二手煙),可大幅減低患心血管疾病的風險
5.管理壓力
有效管控壓力,保持樂觀的心態,有助降低血壓水平。患者可建立健康的減壓方法,例如練習瑜伽、太極、放鬆肌肉、深呼吸或冥想,並維持良好的人際關係。如有需要,可與家人、朋友傾訴或尋求專業醫護人員協助
6.按時服藥和覆診
- 每天定時服藥,建議最好在同一時間服用藥物,以達到最佳效果
- 嚴格遵從藥物治療方案,切勿自行調校藥物劑量,以免血壓突然升高而引起併發症
- 定時覆診,與醫生商討藥物療效,令血壓得以平穩受控
- 外出旅行時,請緊記配備足夠的降血壓藥物
7.自行監察血壓水平
患者應定期在家利用血壓計自行監察血壓水平,並清楚記錄血壓讀數,以便醫生在有需要時可調節治療方案
8.充份休息
不應過度勞累,並要確保有足夠的睡眠和休息
控制高血壓冷知識
天氣會令血壓升高?
寒冷天氣會令血管收縮。有醫生指,一般而言,氣溫平均每降低10度,收縮壓(即上壓)可升高10度或以上。這種血壓飆升的狀況尤其出現在早上,故高血壓患者須加倍注意保暖禦寒,而睡前服用血壓藥或有助緩解此情況。17
一天內哪段時間的血壓會特別高?如何調控?
通常一天內血壓出現升跌是正常的,不過在早上,尤其是起床時,人體血壓會偏高。早上出現血壓特高的情況,可能與服用藥物的劑量過低或只吃一種降血壓藥有關。65歲以上人士、肥胖、吸煙、飲酒、承受壓力、睡眠不足等患者,其早上的血壓亦有可能偏高。醫生會建議患者改變藥物劑量、用藥時間,增加服用藥物的種類,或改變生活習慣以改善這種情況。18
洗澡時的水溫會影響血壓?
有研究發現,用暖水/不過熱的水洗澡,有助降低高血壓,亦可令體溫下降,使有睡眠問題的患者更容易入眠。19
哪些藥物不能亂吃?
對個別患者來說,非類固醇消炎止痛藥(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;NSAIDs)或會提升其血壓,例如布洛芬(Ibuprofen)、萘普生(Naproxen)。某些患者服用口服避孕藥後,血壓亦有可能上升。此外,血管收縮劑(decongestants)、減肥產品、違禁藥物都會引致血壓上升。如有必要服用這些藥物,請諮詢醫生意見。20
飲水能否降低血壓?
缺水會令血液變得濃稠,減少血液內的水分,亦會令腎臟釋放出腎素,增加體內積聚納和水分,而腦下垂體亦有可能分泌抗利尿激素,引致高血壓。每天至少喝6-8杯水,有助改善缺水情況,對穩定血壓亦有幫助。21
緊記以上8大貼士,從生活習慣著手,配合藥物治療,多管齊下,高血壓患者也能穩定血壓,大大減低心血管疾病併發症的風險,讓自己活得更健康更長久!
參考資料:
- Mayo Clinic. High blood pressure (hypertension). Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373417. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- WebMD. High Blood Pressure Diet. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/high-blood-pressure-diet#1. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- American Heart Association. Managing Weight to Control High Blood Pressure. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/managing-weight-to-control-high-blood-pressure. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- American Heart Association. American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults and Kids. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- American Heart Association. Limiting Alcohol to Manage High Blood Pressure. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/limiting-alcohol-to-manage-high-blood-pressure. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- American Heart Association. Smoking, High Blood Pressure and Your Health. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/smoking-high-blood-pressure-and-your-health. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- American Heart Association. Managing Stress to Control High Blood Pressure. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/managing-stress-to-control-high-blood-pressure. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Get the most out of home blood pressure monitoring. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20047889. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Healthwise. High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy. Available at: https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/abo3926. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Mayoc Clinic. 10 ways to control blood pressure without medication. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Cleveland Clinic. Hypertension and Nutrition. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4249-hypertension-and-nutrition. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 消費者委員會。家用血壓計測試 上臂式表現較佳。Available at: https://www.consumer.org.hk/tc/article/439-3854. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 衞生署。長幼齊防高血壓。Available at: https://www.dh.gov.hk/tc_chi/press/2002/02_12_27.html. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 衞生防護中心。慢性病友運動須知。Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/her/2562_doh_brochure_tc.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 衞生防護中心。隱形殺手高血壓 預防治療皆有法。Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/tc/features/28272.html. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 智友站。高血壓。Available at: https://www21.ha.org.hk/smartpatient/SPW/zh-hk/Disease-Information/Disease/?guid=d41c67f5-f6f6-4d12-a1e4-b659ef2fbe43. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- 香港哮喘會。冬天到、血壓高。Available at: http://www.hkasthma.org.hk/hk/feature-articles/2122. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Medicine News Today. What does high blood pressure in the morning mean? Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327151. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- VOI. Apparently, A Warm Shower Can Reduce High Blood Pressure. Available at: https://voi.id/en/lifestyle/35363/apparently-a-warm-shower-can-reduce-high-blood-pressure. Accessed May 3, 2022.
- Up To Date. Patient education: High blood pressure, diet, and weight (Beyond the Basics). Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-blood-pressure-diet-and-weight-beyond-the-basics. Accessed May 3, 2022.
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