健康生活學
剛吃飽又「口痕」想吃東西?9招對抗「假性飢餓」騙局
2023/01/31
剛剛吃飽又覺得肚餓?經常「口痕」想吃零食?在寒冷的天氣下更令人不自覺地越吃越多。肚餓時當然應該進食,避免餓壞自己,但其實這些飢餓感有可能只是幻象。以下教你9招對抗假性飢餓,別再被假的飢餓感蒙蔽而導致增磅。
什麼是假性飢餓?
首先,我們要明白為什麼人會感到肚餓。由於人體的大腦是以血糖作為運作的燃料來源,如果血糖過低,大腦便會發出「飢餓指令」,命令身體趕快進食,從而恢復血糖水平以維護大腦的正常運作。透過進食令血糖水平上升,而胰臟在進食後會分泌適量的胰島素來平衡上升的血糖水平。1-3
進食過量會令血糖飆升,胰臟就必須分泌大量胰島素來達致降血糖功能,有機會因為血糖快速下降而產生飢餓感。血糖忽高忽低會令血糖調節能力出現問題,產生「假性飢餓」。加上胰島素是用來儲存能量的荷爾蒙,胰島素過高,會驅使身體進食高糖、高脂、高熱量的食物來補充能量。1-4
什麼因素會誘發假性飢餓?1
- 經常處於持續疲勞的狀態
- 睡醒仍感到疲倦,睡超過8小時仍覺得不足夠
- 經常想吃甜食或喝含糖飲料
- 工作時想吃東西提神
- 喝咖啡、茶等提神飲品後,仍提不起勁
- 壓力越大的人,會攝取越多咖啡因及糖
- 飲食不定時、邊吃邊工作、吃得過快、經常大吃大喝或餓肚子
- 女性在生理期,食慾會增加
為什麼冬天更容易肚餓?
- 調節體溫:寒冷的天氣下,身體需要更多能量製造熱能以維持體溫5
- 日照時間短:血清素減少導致對碳水化合物、甜食的渴望增加6,7
- 荷爾蒙水平變化:負責抑制食慾的瘦素(Leptin)減少,導致食慾增加8
什麼是高胰島素血症(Hyperinsulinemia)?
高胰島素血症是指血中胰島素相對葡萄糖的濃度過高。現今的飲食習慣偏向高糖、高脂、高熱量,加上運動減少,導致能量過剩。常吃白飯、麵包等令大部分人的胰島素值偏高,代謝失調。高胰島素血症令人時常感到飢餓、想吃甜食,繼而增加肥胖、糖尿病、代謝綜合症、多囊性卵巢綜合症等風險。1,9
為何突然想吃某種食物?
這反映身體缺乏某種營養素,提醒我們需要補充:
- 巧克力
- 缺乏:鎂(有助肌肉及骨骼成長,穩定血壓及血糖)10,11
- 較健康的代替品:堅果、牛油果12
- 鹹食
- 缺乏:鈉(保持體液平衡、穩定血壓、維持肌肉和神經系統操作)13,14
- 較健康的代替品:水(脫水的狀態增加我們對鹽分的渴望)15
- 肉類
- 缺乏:鐵(負責製造紅血球)16
- 較健康的代替品:魚、菠菜、豆類17
如何克服「假性飢餓」?
要避免因假性飢餓而過量進食,必須從食物的種類、份量、時間方面調整,幫助身體恢復血糖調節能力,才能有效控制體重:1,18-21
- 減少碳水化合物的攝取量
碳水化合物食物的攝取,至少要減少到目前的2/3,最多減至1/2。碳水化合物食物包括白飯、麵包、餅乾、 薯條、粟米片、冬甩
- 進食碳水化合物時同時進食脂肪和蛋白質
同時進食脂肪和蛋白質如肉類、家禽、魚類、蛋類及乾豆類可減輕碳水化合物對血糖的影響,並降低進食時的升糖負荷
- 少食多餐
早、午、晚餐三餐一定要吃,但不要吃到飽,少食多餐
- 慢吃
慢慢咀嚼食物能將「吃飽」的訊息傳遞到大腦,而抑制食慾的激素開始起作用,進而提升飽足感,令食量減少
- 吃飽後不要立即吃甜食
餐後吃高升糖負荷的水果、含糖飲料、茶、咖啡因飲料、蛋糕等,會導致血糖調節能力出現問題
- 餐與餐之間可以吃一點低升糖負荷的零食
果仁、乳酪等低升糖負荷的零食有助持續、穩定地為身體提供能量,降低食慾
- 嚼香口膠
感到肚餓時嚼香口膠有助減低食慾,增加飽腹感
- 喝水
肚餓時喝水可以增加飽肚感,從而減低食量
- 進食時關掉螢幕
電子螢幕釋放的藍光會增加飢餓感,特別是進食前及進食時
參考資料:
- 綠食譜研究所. 低GL瘦肚沙拉:專為亞洲人設計!世界營養權威推崇的112飲食法,教你減醣、甩油,打造不復胖的瘦體質!. Available at: https://www.books.com.tw/web/sys_serialtext/?item=0010787552&page=2. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Ludwig. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Jama. 2002.
- Lepkovsky et al. Some basic mechanisms of hunger and satiety. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1962.
- Harris. Hyperinsulinism, a Definite Disease Entity: Etiology, Pathology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Spontaneous Insulogenic Hypoglycemia (Hyperinsulinism). Journal of the American Medical Association. 1933.
- Marriot. Effects of Heat on Appetite. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. 1993.
- NHS inform. Do you have the winter blues? Available at: https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/mental-wellbeing/low-mood-and-depression/do-you-have-the-winter-blues. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Franklin. Brighten Up Your Winter. Your Best Health Under the Sun. 2007.
- Friedman. Leptin and the regulation of body weigh. The Keio journal of medicine. 2011.
- Cleveland Clinic. Hyperinsulinemia. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24178-hyperinsulinemia. Accessed 20 January 2023
- Bruinsma et al. Chocolate: food or drug? Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999.
- Healthdirect. Magnesium and your health. Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/magnesium. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Healthdirect. Foods high in magnesium. Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/foods-high-in-magnesium. Accessed 12 January 2023
- 衞生署家庭健康服務. 礦物質. Available at: https://www.studenthealth.gov.hk/tc_chi/health/health_dn/health_dn_rb.html. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Hurley et al. The biopsychology of salt hunger and sodium deficiency. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal of Physiology. 2015.
- De Luca et al. Water deprivation and the double-depletion hypothesis: common neural mechanisms underlie thirst and salt appetite. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research. 2007.
- National Health Service. Iron. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/iron/. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Healthdirect. Foods high in iron. Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/foods-high-in-iron. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Hawton wt al. Slow down: behavioural and physiological effects of reducing eating rate. Nutrients. 2018.
- Healthline. A Beginner’s Guide to the Low Glycemic Diet. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/low-glycemic-diet#the-glycemic-index-gi. Accessed 12 January 2023
- Hetherington. Effects of chewing gum on short-term appetite regulation in moderately restrained eaters. Appetite. 2011.
- 食物安全中心. 營養素與健康:能量及蛋白質. Available at: https://www.cfs.gov.hk/tc_chi/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_29_02.html. Accessed 20 January 2023
- Al-Snafi et al. A review on prescription and non-prescription appetite suppressants and evidence-based method to treat overweight and obesity. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022.
- Driller et al. Hunger hormone and sleep responses to the built-in blue-light filter on an electronic device: a pilot study. Sleep Science. 2019.
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